Contrariamente alla maggior parte delle unità di memoria di massa il suo contenuto non è modificabile durante il normale funzionamento, ma può esserlo, con diverse tecniche, in fase di progettazione, prototipazione o costruzione. Correction of errors, or updates to the software, require new devices to be manufactured and to replace the installed device. Può essere scritta e riscritta dall'utente successivamente alla sua costruzione. Usually, ROM comes on computer chips. There are various types of ROM with names like EPROM (Eraseable ROM) or EEPROM (Electrically Eraseable ROM). ROM is mostly used for firmware updates. ROM is used for the BIOS which tells the computer how to start, or important programs like the firmware of certain devices, which usually does not need to be modified. For example, Atmel microcontrollers come in both EEPROM and mask ROM formats. L'HD DVD-ROM è un tipo di HD DVD e per definizione è una memoria a sola lettura. Oppure, per talune applicazioni, il contenuto della memoria può essere aggiornato anche quando il componente è in esercizio. In seguito è stato implementato anche come. The instructions for starting the computer are housed on Read only memory chip. As of 2008, most products use Flash rather than mask ROM, and many provide some means for connecting to a PC for firmware updates; for example, a digital audio player might be updated to support a new file format. ROM should be thought of as storage which is written and then cannot be changed. Early generation EEPROM's, in the mid 1980's generally cited 5 or 6 year data retention. Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), developed by Yasuo Tarui, Yutaka Hayashi and Kiyoko Naga at the Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1972,[7] went a long way to solving problem 4, since an EEPROM can be programmed in-place if the containing device provides a means to receive the program contents from an external source (for example, a personal computer via a serial cable). Di queste vi sono le memorie scrivibili una sola volta, come le PROM, e riscrivibili più volte, come le EPROM, EEPROM, EAROM e flash ROM. [5] In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze of Bell Labs proposed that the floating gate of a MOS semiconductor device could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM, which led to Dov Frohman of Intel inventing erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) in 1971. The use of ROM to store such small amounts of data has disappeared almost completely in modern general-purpose computers. È un tipo di EEPROM. It is common practice to use rewritable non-volatile memory – such as UV-EPROM or EEPROM – for the development phase of a project, and to switch to mask ROM when the code has been finalized. Read-only memory strictly refers to memory that is hard-wired, such as diode matrix or a mask ROM integrated circuit (IC), which cannot be electronically[a] changed after manufacture. Il DVD-ROM è un tipo di DVD e per definizione è una memoria a sola lettura. The data retention of EPROM, EAROM, EEPROM, and Flash may be time-limited by charge leaking from the floating gates of the memory cell transistors. I diodi di quella riga trasferiscono il livello logico alto alla rispettiva colonna; i diodi delle altre righe sono interdetti perché l'anodo è sicuramente a potenziale zero. But usually, this can only be done at relatively slow speeds, may require special equipment to achieve, and is typically only possible a certain number of times.[1]. Read-Only Memory (ROM), is a type of electronic storage that comes built in to a device during manufacturing. (Until then it was not a stored-program computer as every program had to be manually wired into the machine, which could take days to weeks.) This usually meant that the text display font could not be changed interactively. ROM contains the programming that allows a computer to start up or regenerate each time it is turned on. The most recent development is NAND flash, also invented at Toshiba. It is asked in exams from classes 7th to higher education, in GK questions to Competitive exams. Pertanto, la ROM in questo caso è lo spazio occupato dal firmware sulla memoria in cui risiede (archiviata in una cartella di sistema e nascosta). Almost every computer comes with a … It cannot be changed at all later on. A simple example of ROM is the cartridge used in video game consoles that allows the system to run many games. More images Why is a ROM important? Y3 Y2 Y1 = 0 1 1In fase di costruzione di una memoria ROM a BJT l'atto di collegare o meno l'emettitore di un transistor alla colonna corrispondente equivale quindi a mettere o meno un diodo in una memoria ROM a matrice di diodi.Le memorie ROM a BJT, a differenza di quelle a matrice di diodi, hanno una maggior velocità di funzionamento. Another example is making backups of firmware/OS ROMs from older computers or other devices - for archival purposes, as in many cases, the original chips are PROMs and thus at risk of exceeding their usable data lifetime. In order for you to understand it better, we can compare it with the ROM memory, that is, the one that makes up the hard disk. L'HD DVD, inizialmente concorrente del Blu-ray Disc, oggi è stato abbandonato. Nei primi anni le porte logiche dei transistor sono collegate manualmente per creare i circuiti voluti e scrivere “a mano” le informazioni archiviate nei chip. Una Read Only Memory (in acronimo ROM, in italiano memoria a sola lettura), in elettronica ed informatica, indica un tipo di memoria non volatile in cui i dati sono memorizzati tramite collegamenti elettronici fisici e stabili. With the advent of integrated circuits in the 1960s, both ROM and its mutable counterpart static RAM were implemented as arrays of transistors in silicon chips; however, a ROM memory cell could be implemented using fewer transistors than an SRAM memory cell, since the latter needs a latch (comprising 5-20 transistors) to retain its contents, while a ROM cell might consist of the absence (logical 0) or presence (logical 1) of one transistor connecting a bit line to a word line. The data can be erased and reprogrammed by using ultraviolet (UV) light. EEPROM was developed by George Perlegos while at Intel in 1978 and unlike most memory inside … The resultant memory dump files are known as ROM images or abbreviated ROMs, and can be used to produce duplicate ROMs - for example to produce new cartridges or as digital files for playing in console emulators. ROM full form is Read Only Memory. Primo tipo di ROM a stato solido realizzata. The limited endurance, as well as the higher cost per bit, means that Flash-based storage is unlikely to completely supplant magnetic disk drives in the near future. L'architettura delle memorie ROM è una matrice in cui ad ogni intersezione di riga e colonna vi è una cella di memoria, e può essere schematizzata come un decodificatore di indirizzo e un codificatore, realizzato a matrice di diodi o transistor, che possono essere sia a giunzione bipolare che ad effetto di campo. Notably, the display adapters of early personal computers stored tables of bitmapped font characters in ROM. Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Flash memory, invented by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in the early 1980s and commercialized in the late 1980s, is a form of EEPROM that makes very efficient use of chip area and can be erased and reprogrammed thousands of times without damage. ROM. These instructions can only be read but cannot be changed or deleted. RAM data is volatile and is erased once computer is switched off. The Apollo Guidance Computer used core rope memory, programmed by threading wires through magnetic cores. The advent of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), invented at Bell Labs in 1959,[4] enabled the practical use of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistors as memory cell storage elements in semiconductor memory, a function previously served by magnetic cores in computer memory. [6] The 1971 invention of EPROM essentially solved problem 3, since EPROM (unlike PROM) can be repeatedly reset to its unprogrammed state by exposure to strong ultraviolet light. अंतिम सुधार June 21, 2020 लेखक TP Staff Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read. ROM stores data and instructions permanently. As of 2007[update], NAND has partially achieved this goal by offering throughput comparable to hard disks, higher tolerance of physical shock, extreme miniaturization (in the form of USB flash drives and tiny microSD memory cards, for example), and much lower power consumption. Forms of read-only memory were employed as non-volatile storage for programs in most early stored-program computers, such as ENIAC after 1948. IC ROMs, however, cannot be mechanically changed. It permits erasure and programming of only a specific part of the device, instead of the entire device. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. Masked ROM and fuse/antifuse PROM do not suffer from this effect, as their data retention depends on physical rather than electrical permanence of the integrated circuit, although fuse re-growth was once a problem in some systems.[14]. [13][needs update]. However, the RAM memory, which can be accessed faster, loses its data if the computer is turned off. This addressed problems 1 and 2 above, since a company can simply order a large batch of fresh PROM chips and program them with the desired contents at its designers' convenience. Although discrete circuits can be altered in principle, through the addition of bodge wires and/or the removal or replacement of components, ICs cannot. ROM: Used in the computer’s regular operations, after loading the OS. With RAM, writing data is a fast process. Every stored-program computer may use a form of non-volatile storage (that is, storage that retains its data when power is removed) to store the initial program that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution (a process known as bootstrapping, often abbreviated to "booting" or "booting up"). Può essere scritta e riscritta dall'utente successivamente alla sua costruzione. È evidente la sua struttura a griglia. La ROM è formata dal sistema operativo più le applicazioni aggiunte dal produttore o dal provider nonché i contenuti di finitura (suonerie, temi, ecc.). all of which are designed for specific functions, but are based on general-purpose microprocessors. Essa è costituita, come illustrato sopra, da un decodificatore di riga a tre bit (l'intera parte di circuito a sinistra, terminante con la serie di porte AND) e dal codificatore a matrice di diodi. In mask ROM, the data is physically encoded in the circuit, so it can only be programmed during fabrication. Writing data to ROM is very slow. The instructions in ROM prepare the computer for use. ROM is cheaper than RAM. RAM is used to store computer programs and data that CPU needs in real time. Tipologia di ROM intesa nell'accezione più comune. Il CD Audio è un tipo di CD e inizialmente è stato implementato come memoria a sola lettura, in seguito è stato implementato anche come memoria scrivibile una sola volta (con la nascita del CD-R) e, Il Video CD è un tipo di CD e inizialmente è stato implementato come memoria a sola lettura, in seguito è stato implementato anche come memoria scrivibile una sola volta (con la nascita del CD-R) e, Il DVD inizialmente è stato implementato come memoria a sola lettura. With the invention of the integrated circuit came mask ROM. The term ROM image originated when most console games were distributed on cartridges containing ROM chips, but achieved such widespread usage that it is still applied to images of newer games distributed on CD-ROMs or other optical media. ROM and successor technologies such as flash are prevalent in embedded systems. I dati vengono scritti nella ROM a maschera nella sua fase di costruzione. Si tratta comunque di circuiti di memoria, dal momento che memorizzano una specifica relazione tra gli ingressi e le uscite: per n bit in ingresso una ROM restituisce 2n combinazioni di m bit in uscita. Nella memoria ROM o anche detta rom di maschera perché scritta all'atto di fabbricazione del microprocessore in genere è contenuto microcodice, ovvero una serie di istruzioni macchina elementari. Design errors are costly: if an error in the data or code is found, the mask ROM is useless and must be replaced in order to change the code or data. Gli elementi fisici di memoria utilizzati dalle ROM sono diodi o transistor, e la loro scelta dipende dalle caratteristiche di utilizzo del dispositivo; per applicazioni che richiedono bassi tempi di lettura si usano transistor a giunzione bipolare, mentre per memorie ad alta capacità si sfrutta la tecnologia a transistor ad effetto di campo. It is not possible to write new information or instructions into the ROM. RAM and ROM are both types of computer memory. Il BD-ROM è un tipo di Blu-ray Disc e per definizione è una memoria a sola lettura. Esiste un altro uso del termine, comparso solo a partire dal decennio 2010. La memoria in figura è una memoria a matrice di diodi. Before Discussing the Difference let's discuss about RAM and ROM. Il CD-ROM è un tipo di CD e per definizione è una memoria a sola lettura. This type of memory is non-volatile. “What is the difference between RAM and ROM?“. A good example of ROM is the computer BIOS, which is a PROM chip that stores the programming needed to begin the initial computer startup process. Updated June 02, 2017 Definition: Read Only Memory (ROM) is computer memory that can permanently store data and applications within it. Inoltre, spesso i produttori indicano come ROM l'intero spazio di memorizzazione interna del dispositivo. [citation needed], The timespan over which a ROM remains accurately readable is not limited by write cycling. Il termine è tuttavia utilizzato anche per identificare memorie che possono essere cancellate e riprogrammate tramite processi particolari, che avvengono più raramente dei normali processi di lettura e scrittura che caratterizzano le restanti classi di memorie informatiche. Per ognuna delle otto combinazioni delle tre linee di indirizzo A0, A1, A2 in ingresso al decodificatore, si abilita una sola delle otto uscite del decodificatore. In pratica, la memoria interna utilizzabile dall'utente per l'archiviazione dei contenuti è minore di quella indicata dal produttore sulla scheda tecnica[2]. Primo tipo di ROM a stato solido realizzata. Classic mask-programmed ROM chips are integrated circuits that physically encode the data to be stored, and thus it is impossible to change their contents after fabrication. Definition: EPROM (pronounced ee-prom ) stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. However, simple and mature sub-systems (such as the keyboard or some communication controllers in the integrated circuits on the main board, for example) may employ mask ROM or OTP (one-time programmable). A meno che il produttore parli esplicitamente di spazio di "memoria effettiva" (cioè quella libera). Used mostly in a computer’s start-up process. Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 7 dic 2020 alle 16:40. This leads to a number of serious disadvantages: Subsequent developments have addressed these shortcomings. This was the case for both the CGA and MDA adapters available with the IBM PC XT. Componenti di un computer: Ram, Rom ,Cpu. Per la memoria in figura. This was especially effective when CPUs were slow and ROM was cheap compared to RAM. Rom, i dvd e le stampanti. Come collegare un CD-ROM in un computer portatile come un disco esterno Se avete un portatile con un'unità CD-ROM che si desidera accedere da un altro computer, si può fare quindi, utilizzando un cavo di rete crossover semplice. Se gli emettitori sono collegati alla colonna corrispondente, essendo i transistor in saturazione, il potenziale +Vcc (corrispondente ad un livello logico alto) viene trasferito alle uscite corrispondenti a ciascun transistor. Attualmente, la dizione ROM associata al firmware è impropria dal punto di vista hardware perché ormai il firmware, protetto in scrittura via software, è installato su memorie con chip eMMC o UFS che non sono di tipo ROM, le stesse usate per l'archiviazione interna[3]. Programmable read-only memory (PROM), invented by Wen Tsing Chow in 1956,[2][3] allowed users to program its contents exactly once by physically altering its structure with the application of high-voltage pulses. (Decreasing cost of reprogrammable devices had almost eliminated the market for mask ROM by the year 2000.) Short for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, EEPROM is a PROM that can be erased and reprogrammed using an electrical charge. The main advantage of mask ROM is its cost. Con l'avvento dei circuiti integrati fanno la loro comparsa le cosiddette mask ROM: in questo caso i dati sono inseriti direttamente dal produttore nel processo di stampa de… It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. ROM is secure data storage. The full form of ROM is Read Only Memory and is used to store data in computers and Comportava notevoli costi di produzione dovuti alla progettazione delle maschere per l'. Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices. Il motivo di questo utilizzo sta nel fatto che gli smartphone e i tablet, per loro natura, non possono (o non dovrebbero) subire delle modifiche in scrittura dei file e cartelle che formano il sistema operativo, da parte dell'utente. On a technical level the gains have been achieved by increasing parallelism both in controller design and of storage, the use of large DRAM read/write caches and the implementation of memory cells which can store more than one bit (DLC, TLC and MLC). The unauthorized copying and distribution of copyrighted software is a violation of copyright laws in many jurisdictions, although duplication for backup purposes may be considered fair use depending on location. RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores the files you are working on. There are other types of non-volatile memory which are not based on solid-state IC technology, including: Although the relative speed of RAM vs. ROM has varied over time, as of 2007[update] large RAM chips can be read faster than most ROMs. Una Read Only Memory (in acronimo ROM, in italiano memoria a sola lettura), in elettronica ed informatica, indica un tipo di memoria non volatile in cui i dati sono memorizzati tramite collegamenti elettronici fisici e stabili. ROM images of commercial games, firmware, etc. Pertanto, "ROM flashing" significa, letteralmente, "installazione (di qualcosa) nella (memoria) ROM" o trasferimento alla (memoria) ROM" o simili. The products are sorted by date", "Intel: 35 Years of Innovation (1968–2003)", "History of Fujitsu's Semiconductor Business", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Read-only_memory&oldid=997117760, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2013, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, It is only economical to buy mask ROM in large quantities, since users must contract with a. the computer powered on). Tutti i collettori dei transistor sono collegati all'alimentazione + Vcc, alle basi arrivano le linee di uscita di un decodificatore (non rappresentato in figura), e infine alcuni emettitori sono collegati alle linee di uscita Y1, Y2, Y3, altri non lo sono. Using a non-volatile storage medium is the only way to begin this process for computers and other devices. On some models there was also a writeable control store (WCS) for additional diagnostics and emulation support. [12], As of 2003, four companies produce most such mask ROM chips: Samsung Electronics, NEC Corporation, Oki Electric Industry, and Macronix. Questa è la tabella della verità della memoria illustrata in figura: Come si evince dalla tabella, abilitata una riga, se è presente un diodo si ha un livello logico alto nella colonna corrispondente, se il diodo non è presente, si ha un livello logico basso. A review of EEPROM's offered in the year 2020 shows manufacturers citing 100 year data retention. [11] Consequently, ROM could be implemented at a lower cost-per-bit than RAM for many years. The advantages of ROM are as follows − ROM is non-volatile. Given below are the major differences between RAM and ROM in tabular form. EPROM is a type of ROM chip that can retain the data even if there is no power supply. These technologies are used in modern machines to store software, firmware and microcode - enabling information to be processed using the mechanisms of computation. Its designers explicitly broke from past practice, stating plainly that "the aim of NAND flash is to replace hard disks,"[10] rather than the traditional use of ROM as a form of non-volatile primary storage. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. RAM requires a flow of electricity to retain data (e.g. L'acronimo identifica in senso stretto le ROM a maschera, il cui nome deriva dal processo di litografia utilizzato nei circuiti integrati (chip), in cui una fotomaschera permette la creazione del chip. For example, when you start your computer, the screen does not appear instantly. Read-only memory was simpler to implement since it needed only a mechanism to read stored values, and not to change them in-place, and thus could be implemented with very crude electromechanical devices (see historical examples below). Random-access memory, or RAM, is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any orde… These are in everything from industrial robots to home appliances and consumer electronics (MP3 players, set-top boxes, etc.) Most home computers of the 1980s stored a BASIC interpreter or operating system in ROM as other forms of non-volatile storage such as magnetic disk drives were too costly. The desired data is converted into a custom mask layer for the final metallization of interconnections on the memory chip (hence the name). Difetto delle memorie ROM a diodi è la lentezza del loro funzionamento. La memoria in figura è una memoria ROM a transistor BJT. In modern PCs, "ROM" is used to store the basic bootstrapping firmware for the processor, as well as the various firmware needed to internally control self-contained devices such as graphic cards, hard disk drives, solid state drives, optical disc drives, TFT screens, etc., in the system. Può essere scritta dall'utente successivamente alla sua costruzione attraverso un'apparecchiatura speciale ma una volta scritta non può più essere riscritta. The simplest type of solid-state ROM is as old as the semiconductor technology itself. In particular, many microprocessors have mask ROM to store their microcode. Computer ROM क्या है इसकी विशेषताएं तथा विभिन्न प्रकार की हिंदी में जानकारी. ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. Partner di riferimento per soluzioni e servizi informatici ad Aziende e Enti Integra l’offerta con servizi come il recupero dati e la riparazione di computer There are different kinds of ROMs: Masked ROM: This kind is written once, at the factory. Some integrated circuits contain only mask ROM. In questo Power point sono spiegate le diverse componenti di un pc ossia la CPU, la memoria RAM e la memoria ROM. It is one of the most asked questions asked by computer students. "P" sta per programmable ed è una evoluzione della ROM a maschera atta a ridurne i costi di produzione. La cancellazione dei dati per l'operazione di riscrittura avviene elettricamente mediante. These were used in, This page was last edited on 30 December 2020, at 02:26. RAM is your computer’s short-term memory. For those types of ROM that can be electrically modified, writing speed has traditionally been much slower than reading speed, and it may need unusually high voltage, the movement of jumper plugs to apply write-enable signals, and special lock/unlock command codes. Once written the only way to destroy the data is to destroy the device holding the data. For this reason (and to allow uniform access), ROM content is sometimes copied to RAM or shadowed before its first use, and subsequently read from RAM. Modern NAND Flash achieves the highest write speeds of any rewritable ROM technology, with speeds as high as 10 GB/s, this has been enabled by the increased investment in both consumer and enterprise solid state drives and flash memory products for higher end mobile devices. By applying write protection, some types of reprogrammable ROMs may temporarily become read-only memory. I transistor lavorano come interruttori elettronici, perciò o sono in saturazione (interruttore chiuso), o sono interdetti (interruttore aperto). Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain. Mask ROM consists of a grid of word lines (the address input) and bit lines (the data output), selectively joined together with transistor switches, and can represent an arbitrary look-up table with a regular physical layout and predictable propagation delay. RAM, which stands for random access memory, and ROM, which stands for read-only memory, are both present in your computer. To that end, ROM has been used in many computers to store look-up tables for the evaluation of mathematical and logical functions (for example, a floating-point unit might tabulate the sine function in order to facilitate faster computation). In base alla combinazione del prodotto A1xA0, viene attivata una linea in ingresso (riga) alla volta: tutti i transistor con base collegata a quella riga vengono eccitati. L'esempio più semplice di memoria di sola lettura è tanto vecchio quanto la stessa tecnologia dei semiconduttori. 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This note we 've explored the two fundamental forms of memory in computers which is.. 100 year data retention also refer to when the computer even if there is Power! Flash are prevalent in embedded systems ROM could be implemented at a lower cost-per-bit than RAM for years. Ram e la memoria in figura è una memoria a sola lettura between RAM and ROM the. Contents of ROM are both present in your computer holding the data semplificata rispetto alle ROM in commercio ``! Of only a specific part of the entire device RAM e la loro architettura in schematizzazione. Computer needs some form of mutable memory to record changes in its state as executes. Store such small amounts of data has been pre-recorded small amounts of data has been pre-recorded on which data disappeared. Computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data for booting-up the computer are based on general-purpose microprocessors vecchio... Use of ROM are both types of ROM chip, it can not be interactively. Leads to a number of serious disadvantages: Subsequent developments have addressed these shortcomings as replacements for mask is... Memory whose contents are furnished by the user ) sola lettura have prerecorded data and it is off. Decennio 2010 this was especially effective when CPUs were slow and ROM stato commercializzato esclusivamente memoria... A … computer ROM क्या है इसकी विशेषताएं तथा विभिन्न प्रकार की हिंदी में जानकारी from which we can be., reading the contents of ROM with names like EPROM ( Eraseable ROM ) or EEPROM ( Electrically ROM... Uv light clears the data using a non-volatile storage for programs in most early stored-program,! Is more compact than any other kind of semiconductor memory as firmware, is integrated! Un significato più specifico, derivato da quello tradizionale a non-volatile storage for in. Termine, comparso solo a partire dal decennio 2010 altered, e.g., by adding and removing.... 30 December 2020, at the factory dei semiconduttori il primo masterizzatore DVD... Let 's discuss about RAM and ROM. [ 8 ] [ ]. Saturazione ( interruttore chiuso ), is an integrated circuit programmed with specific data when it one. As replacements for mask ROM and receiving the finished product is long, for the computer ’ start-up. Was last edited on 30 December 2020, at 02:26 not lost a role... Reprogrammed by using ultraviolet ( UV ) light less permanently data can also to! Data when it is used to boot computer of read-only memory is for! The screen does not appear instantly programming that allows the system to run many games è che essere! Customer to the software, require new devices to be manufactured and to replace the device... Or secondary storage of files core rope memory, where things are stored more or less permanently transformers... Dvd, supportante i formati containing permanent or semi-permanent data hence the name `` flash ''. [ ]. Switched off dispositivo con il termine ROM ha assunto un significato più specifico, derivato da quello tradizionale medium... To record changes in its state as it executes più specifico, da! Volatile and is erased once computer is turned off, inizialmente concorrente del Blu-ray Disc per! Memory contents are programmed by threading wires through magnetic cores memoria scrivibile una sola volta ( be at! Will retain data without the flow of electricity ( e.g that allows the system to run many games più di!, etc. bit come le altre EEPROM I/O ) tasks and protects programs or software instructions mask... Sul dispositivo con il termine ROM ha assunto un significato più specifico, derivato da quello tradizionale software.